Donne e mediazioni internazionali

Nel 2000 una importantissima risoluzione dell’ONU la n. 1325 adottata dal Consiglio di Sicurezza in seno alla sessione del 31 ottobre riaffermava il ruolo importante che svolgono le donne nella prevenzione e nella soluzione dei conflitti e nella consolidazione della pace e la necessità di incrementare il loro ruolo nei processi decisionali in materia di prevenzione e soluzione dei conflitti riconoscendo la necessità urgente di incorporare una prospettiva di genere nelle operazioni di mantenimento della pace.

Tale risoluzione si traduceva nell’individuazione dei ruoli che tutti gli attori nazionali ed internazionali avevano per garantire effettività a siffatto significativo ruolo.

Agli Stati era demandato il compito di assicurare l’incremento della rappresentazione di tutte le donne nei processi decisionali per la prevenzione e gestione dei conflitti.

Allo stesso Segretario Generale era rivolto l’incoraggiamento ad applicare il suo piano strategico d’azione (A/49/587) includendo un aumento della partecipazione delle donne nei livelli di adozione delle decisioni per la soluzione dei conflitti e nei processi di pace nonché di cercare di ampliare il ruolo e il contributo delle donne nelle operazioni delle Nazioni Unite sul terreno, e specialmente tra gli osservatori militari, la polizia civile e il personale addetto ai diritti umani e ai compiti umanitari;

Ancora al Segretario Generale veniva richiesto di procurare agli Stati Membri delle direttive e dei materiali formativi sulla protezione, i diritti e le necessità specifiche delle donne, come anche sull’importanza della partecipazione delle donne nell’adozione di tutte le misure di mantenimento e di consolidamento della pace;

La risoluzione inoltre prevedeva l’invito a tutti coloro che partecipano alla negoziazione ed applicazione di accordi di pace di adottare una prospettiva di genere, nella quale si tenga conto, tra le altre cose, delle misure per appoggiare le iniziative di pace delle donne locali e i processi autoctoni di soluzione dei conflitti e per far partecipare le donne in tutti i meccanismi di applicazione degli accordi di pace;

Infine l’invito rivolto al Segretario Generale di promuovere uno studio sugli effetti dei conflitti armati sulle donne e sulle ragazze, e sul ruolo delle donne nella consolidazione della pace e sulle dimensioni di genere dei processi di pace e di soluzione dei conflitti, e a presentare una relazione informativa al Consiglio di Sicurezza sui risultati di questo studio e a mettendoli a disposizione di tutti gli Stati Membri delle Nazioni Unite.

A distanza di 11 anni il Consiglio di Sicurezza nella seduta del 28 ottobre ha riaperto il dibattito sul ruolo delle donne della realizzazione della pace e della sicurezza con il Segretario Ban KI-Moon che ha chiesto un maggiore coinvolgimento delle donne nella prevenzione dei conflitti e nella mediazione come essenziale passo verso la via della costruzione e del rafforzamento della democrazia

“La partecipazione delle donne rimane bassa sia nei ruoli ufficiali che in quelli di osservatore. Questo deve cambiare” ha osservato chiedendo alle Nazioni Unite di dare l’esempio

Mrs. Bachelet – Direttrice Esecutiva di UN Women (l’agenzia ONU per l’uguaglianza di genere e l’emancipazione femminile), – ha aggiunto che la partecipazione delle donne nella prevenzione e risoluzione dei conflitti non è opzionale ma un importante elemento nel processo di costruzione della pace. Ha anche suggerito al Consiglio di svolgere incontri ministeriali a cadenza quinquennale per il monitoraggio di questi obiettivi e la risoluzione d’eventuali ostacoli all’implementazione della risoluzione.

“Andando avanti tutti noi – Consiglio di Sicurezza, Stati membri, Società civile e Nazioni Unite – avremo bisogno di leadership determinate ad impiegare pienamente le donne nella mediazione e nella prevenzione dei conflitti. Ciò farà progredire la pace e la sicurezza e accrescere la democrazia nel mondo” ha affermato.

Il Sotto-Segretario Generale per le Operazioni di Mantenimento della Pace, Alain Le Roy, ha enfatizzato la necessità di prevedere, in futuro, finanziamenti sufficienti per l’implementazione della risoluzione 1325, e di intensificare gli sforzi per il rafforzamento delle competenze delle donne nel costruire una pace duratura nei propri paesi e favorirne la partecipazione ai processi politici e decisionali.

Resolution 1325 (2000)

Adopted by the Security Council at its 4213th meeting, on 31 October 2000

The Security Council,

Recalling its resolutions 1261 (1999) of 25 August 1999, 1265 (1999) of 17 September 1999, 1296 (2000) of 19 April 2000 and 1314 (2000) of 11 August 2000, as well as relevant statements of its President, and recalling also the statement of its President to the press on the occasion of the United Nations Day for Women’s Rights and International Peace (International Women’s Day) of 8 March 2000 (SC/6816), Recalling also the commitments of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action (A/52/231) as well as those contained in the outcome document of the twenty-third Special Session of the United Nations General Assembly entitled “Women 2000: Gender Equality, Development and Peace for the Twenty-First Century” (A/S-23/10/Rev.1), in particular those concerning women and armed conflict, Bearing in mind the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations and the primary responsibility of the Security Council under the Charter for the maintenance of international peace and security, Expressing concern that civilians, particularly women and children, account for the vast majority of those adversely affected by armed conflict, including as refugees and internally displaced persons, and increasingly are targeted by combatants and armed elements, and recognizing the consequent impact this has on durable peace and reconciliation, Reaffirming the important role of women in the prevention and resolution of conflicts and in peace-building, and stressing the importance of their equal participation and full involvement in all efforts for the maintenance and promotion of peace and security, and the need to increase their role in decision-making with regard to conflict prevention and resolution, Reaffirming also the need to implement fully international humanitarian and human rights law that protects the rights of women and girls during and after conflicts,

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Emphasizing the need for all parties to ensure that mine clearance and mine awareness programmes take into account the special needs of women and girls, Recognizing the urgent need to mainstream a gender perspective into peacekeeping operations, and in this regard noting the Windhoek Declaration and the Namibia Plan of Action on Mainstreaming a Gender Perspective in Multidimensional Peace Support Operations (S/2000/693), Recognizing also the importance of the recommendation contained in the statement of its President to the press of 8 March 2000 for specialized training for all peacekeeping personnel on the protection, special needs and human rights of women and children in conflict situations, Recognizing that an understanding of the impact of armed conflict on women and girls, effective institutional arrangements to guarantee their protection and full participation in the peace process can significantly contribute to the maintenance and promotion of international peace and security, Noting the need to consolidate data on the impact of armed conflict on women and girls,

1. Urges Member States to ensure increased representation of women at all decision-making levels in national, regional and international institutions and mechanisms for the prevention, management, and resolution of conflict;

2. Encourages the Secretary-General to implement his strategic plan of action (A/49/587) calling for an increase in the participation of women at decisionmaking levels in conflict resolution and peace processes;

3. Urges the Secretary-General to appoint more women as special representatives and envoys to pursue good offices on his behalf, and in this regard calls on Member States to provide candidates to the Secretary-General, for inclusion in a regularly updated centralized roster;

4. Further urges the Secretary-General to seek to expand the role and contribution of women in United Nations field-based operations, and especially among military observers, civilian police, human rights and humanitarian personnel;

5. Expresses its willingness to incorporate a gender perspective into peacekeeping operations, and urges the Secretary-General to ensure that, where appropriate, field operations include a gender component;

6. Requests the Secretary-General to provide to Member States training guidelines and materials on the protection, rights and the particular needs of women, as well as on the importance of involving women in all peacekeeping and peacebuilding measures, invites Member States to incorporate these elements as well as

HIV/AIDS awareness training into their national training programmes for military and civilian police personnel in preparation for deployment, and further requests the Secretary-General to ensure that civilian personnel of peacekeeping operations receive similar training;

7. Urges Member States to increase their voluntary financial, technical and logistical support for gender-sensitive training efforts, including those undertaken by relevant funds and programmes, inter alia, the United Nations Fund for Women and United Nations Children’s Fund, and by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and other relevant bodies;

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8. Calls on all actors involved, when negotiating and implementing peace agreements, to adopt a gender perspective, including, inter alia:

(a) The special needs of women and girls during repatriation and resettlement and for rehabilitation, reintegration and post-conflict reconstruction;

(b) Measures that support local women’s peace initiatives and indigenous processes for conflict resolution, and that involve women in all of the implementation mechanisms of the peace agreements;

(c) Measures that ensure the protection of and respect for human rights of women and girls, particularly as they relate to the constitution, the electoral system, the police and the judiciary;

9. Calls upon all parties to armed conflict to respect fully international law applicable to the rights and protection of women and girls, especially as civilians, in particular the obligations applicable to them under the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and the Additional Protocols thereto of 1977, the Refugee Convention of 1951 and the Protocol thereto of 1967, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women of 1979 and the Optional Protocol thereto of 1999 and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child of 1989 and the two Optional Protocols thereto of 25 May 2000, and to bear in mind the relevant provisions of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court;

10. Calls on all parties to armed conflict to take special measures to protect women and girls from gender-based violence, particularly rape and other forms of sexual abuse, and all other forms of violence in situations of armed conflict;

11. Emphasizes the responsibility of all States to put an end to impunity and to prosecute those responsible for genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes including those relating to sexual and other violence against women and girls, and in this regard stresses the need to exclude these crimes, where feasible from amnesty provisions;

12. Calls upon all parties to armed conflict to respect the civilian and humanitarian character of refugee camps and settlements, and to take into account the particular needs of women and girls, including in their design, and recalls its resolutions 1208 (1998) of 19 November 1998 and 1296 (2000) of 19 April 2000;

13. Encourages all those involved in the planning for disarmament, demobilization and reintegration to consider the different needs of female and male ex-combatants and to take into account the needs of their dependants;

14. Reaffirms its readiness, whenever measures are adopted under Article 41 of the Charter of the United Nations, to give consideration to their potential impact on the civilian population, bearing in mind the special needs of women and girls, in order to consider appropriate humanitarian exemptions;

15. Expresses its willingness to ensure that Security Council missions take into account gender considerations and the rights of women, including through consultation with local and international women’s groups;

16. Invites the Secretary-General to carry out a study on the impact of armed conflict on women and girls, the role of women in peace-building and the gender dimensions of peace processes and conflict resolution, and further invites him to

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submit a report to the Security Council on the results of this study and to make this available to all Member States of the United Nations;

17. Requests the Secretary-General, where appropriate, to include in his reporting to the Security Council progress on gender mainstreaming throughout peacekeeping missions and all other aspects relating to women and girls;

18. Decides to remain actively seized of the matter

Marsicovetere Maria Elisabetta

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